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Optogensetics involves the use of light to control neural activity (Danjo Hokin, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 2015). Many optogenetic approaches enable the survival of implanted cells in culture and allow analyses of the conversion of cell activity to optical signals, as well as the ability of optical signals to control the activity of implanted cells. Optogensetics has been applied to a wide variety of organic matters, including neurons, sensory hair cells, and even bacteria, such that novel concepts for understanding functional relationships between neurons have been achieved (Colchero, 2005; Yizhar, 2006; Sayas, 2006; Tanabe, 2007). In particular, optogenetic studies have been performed using optogenetic tools such as light-sensitive ion channels (e.g., rhodopsin, cation channels, and chloride channels) as well as types of calcium binding proteins (e.g., Channelrhodopsin and Halorhodopsin).
Membrane trafficking and exocytosis are effective vesicular pathways critical for cellular functions such as growth, differentiation, and secretion. The exocytosis process is initiated by the anchored biosynthetic cargo of the vesicles, which is then released through the fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane. The fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane is regulated by exocytosis-associated proteins. The membrane fusion process involving the vesicle and the plasma membrane is a very fast process that is regulated by the formation of a relatively low-energy molecule-hydrogen-bonded intermediate complex called the hemifusion diaphragm (Mazza et al., 2004; Suzuki et al., 2004).
The visual system is highly conserved across species and consists of an eye nearly similar in size and shape to a pin head. The eye is composed of several structures, including a lens that focuses an image onto the retina at the back of the eye, and each structure is surrounded by a pigmented shell (...) d2c66b5586