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"The PLL is a phase and frequency -controlled oscillator."1 The PLL is a phase and frequency -controlled oscillator. It is often used to develop spread spectrum signals where the term "frequency hopping" is used as a synonym for "spreading out" a relatively small spectrum (compared to the carrier) over a substantially greater bandwidth. In the past 30 years, PLL-based frequency synthesis has become a major component of modern wireless communications.2 A practical outline of the basic concepts behind PLL operation is provided in the next section.
In fact, it would be impossible to give a comprehensive coverage of the phase-lock topic without discussing the frequency modulation and demodulation (or more simply, FM*) and the frequency-division multiplexing (or frequency division multiple access, or FDMA) that the PLL has been used to enable. The PLL is intimately tied to these concepts. I'll say more about each of these topics in subsequent sections.
If we have two signals that are identical, then we can lock the phase difference between them to zero. The first of these two signals is called "reference" and the second oscillator signal is the output of the PLL's feedback loop. If this cycle is repeated many times, the phase difference will become small. In other words, the errors introduced by each cycle are added, which accumulates the error to a small limit.
It's something like a common clock that the receiver phase accepts. The PLL also provides a synchronization reference in the receiver, and it periodically switches the PLL off so that the PLL is not continually tracking the reference clock. In these cases, the PLL's produce an "raw" oscillator and conventional synchronous demodulation can be used. The receiver always needs to be receiving periodically, typically at a separate clock, and synchronizing to the raw oscillator that is being generated by the PLL in a similar manner to the recovery of carrier tracking and alignment. d2c66b5586